To What Extent Can the Iceman Ice Maiden Be Considered Similar Essay Example

To What Extent Can the Iceman Ice Maiden Be Considered Similar Essay The ice man and the ice maiden, compared, both have similarities and difference, There are many different factors involved when determining how similar the ice man and ice maiden can be considered. Factors that should be taken in consideration are things like the discovery, evidence, common similarities with the bodies and the their deaths. The discovery and how they discovered held many similarities and differences. First off, the obvious is that they were both frozen, in areas of cold temperature. But how they were found, the way they were excavated has much difference. The iceman also known as ‘Otzi’ was discovered on the ground accidently by tourists, between Italy and Austria, The Alps, confused as a modern day murder, with his items scattered everywhere around him. While the ice maiden discovered in a coffin or Burial Chamber, in Utok (near the modern day border between China and Russia), The excavation process also showed differences. Otzi’s excavation of his body was very unprofessional. For tools, they used ice picks and ski poles which are not proper excavation tools. But for the Ice maidens it seems as if they were more careful and more professional. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can the Iceman Ice Maiden Be Considered Similar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can the Iceman Ice Maiden Be Considered Similar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can the Iceman Ice Maiden Be Considered Similar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They had slowly defrosted it by pouring hot water on the ice. It seems that Otzi death was accidental or murder while The Ice Maiden was much more organized and prepared. There were also complications with Otzi’s discovery and excavation. The evidence with the bodies also had their similarities and differences. They did both have evidence and items with their corpses. But the items and evidence were very different. Otzi was found with weapons and other things that had related to his time. His clothing, weapons and miscellaneous had given us a better understanding of Otzi and his life (e. g. rass cape, bear cap, dung of animals, copper axes) But there was a dilemma about his excavation and evidence, after the news broke out about his discovery tourists took artifacts as souvenirs from the site of his body. But with the Ice Maidens Evidence It was left untouched and not looted. With the Ice Maiden the evidence with her was totally different. The only thing in common was the ther e was unique clothing with her aswell. Both Items of clothing were preserved but the Ice Maiden was completely intact. Other things also found with her were dead animals, horses, and food. So the evidence says they had animals similar. The reasons for the ice maidens were that they were transport to the afterlife, and for Otzi a clear reason for it has not been determined but it could have relations with his profession. They also had similarities with having acupuncture and Tattoos. There were also similarities and differences in their deaths. They were both frozen is the biggest similarity that they hold. Otzi’s death was by injury. Evidence, X rays, and Cat Scans show that Otzi had major wounds before his death. So this is the most probable reason why he died. He had a deep cut on his hand and arrow injuries on the left side of his chest caused by an arrow head. With this, it would have caused a lot of internal bleeding and would eventually lead to death if left untreated. But injuries after his death had also occurred such as broken ribs. This suggests that a lot of pressure was being put on his chest and/or was lying on something very hard. There was also evidence of pressure on the side of his head after his death. His position was also an unnatural position, the left arm is extended to the right and flatly pressed on the neck under the chin, the outer ear was folded over. Unlike Otzi, it would seem that the Ice maiden was left untouched and her position was as if she was sleeping. She was surrounded by six horses along with decorative items such as snow leopards, which were carved from wood and wrapped in gold leaves. In Conclusion, the similarities between the Ice Man and Ice Maiden were very basic and not that similar at all. They were discovered different ways, excavated differently, had totally different types of evidence around them and the state that they were left in was also different. There are only few similarities. So the Ice maiden compared to the Ice man, they were not that similar in the first place. (Sorry for No Bibliography I Mainly Used My Work Book Received From School)

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence Free Online Research Papers With all the different things in the world that change day by day, some can beone can encounter positive and some can be negative changes. Due to the fact of breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence (AI), the effect on the job world and how National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contributes to the growth and positive reflection of Artificial Intelligence, it seems as though AI will definitely be a positive change. The future of the Artificial Intelligence is getting stronger and stronger as each day passes. With the unemployment rates still around 5.5% and decreasing from previous months, Artificial Intelligence is mostly a positive negative change on the outlook of the job market because of the advancement of technology. As NASA is the leading space aviator in the country, there is no one else fit to gain, boost moral and contribute towards AI. Artificial Intelligence will be one of the top technological necessities in the near future. As time, seasons, and technology change, so does the definition of Artificial Intelligence. â€Å"Artificial Intelligence, in light of this definition of intelligence, is simply the application of artificial or non-naturally occurring systems that use the knowledge-level to achieve goals† (Newell). The easiest definition to believe in is that AI is any machine that relates to a human if it’s through a program. Artificial Intelligence is â€Å"the ability of a computer or other machine to perform those activities that are normally thought to require intelligence† (Dictionary). Some machines were and are built to make our lives easier, keep us alive longer and stay healthy. â€Å"The only everyday ‘robots’ so far are things like car-building machines in Detroit, Sonys Aibo plastic dog, and mini-moon rovers that crawl through blast sites. Is the definition of the word robot ‘any machine that adjusts its own behavior according to feedback from its sensors?’ If so, thermostats, microwave ovens and light-sensitive patio lights are robots, too† (Pogue). With all the technological advancements everyday, Artificial Intelligence will improve over time. Artificial Intelligence is not just a machine that not only performs futile activities but can also provide useful help in lawenforcement, construction, cleaning, entertainment and medical services. The law Enforcement enforcement type is widely used as a robot that sees and moves into a territory to capture a video of the suspect or suspects. Another example of AI is used in law enforcement when Policeofficers get around streets, airports and sidewalks with the all newly invented Segway. With the use of the Segway, â€Å"You’re looking out above the crowd, you can see blocks ahead. It’s like you’re Shaquille O’Neal on wheels† (Mensching). Another type of military AI is Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) which has recently come to the front stage of research. These are small, lightweight devices that fly without operator control, thereby making them autonomous. Unmanned Air Vehicles are remotely piloted vehicles and robotic aircraft. They can be drastically cheaper to develop, build, and use than manned aircraft, which require sophisticated life support systems. With Artificial Intelligence being used to enforce laws, why not for construction? The answer is that it is already being used for construction with the back up of NASA. With multiple robots attacking one large pile of steel or any material it would be faster then if humans tried since the robots are stronger, smarter and group relating with all of the other robots. The Center Load behavior is activated when the force in the gimbal on either of the rovers exceeds a specified threshold. The corrective procedure, the lead rover performs its correction while the follow rover waits. When the lead rover has completed its correction, the rovers reverse and follow rover performs its correction. (RCC) You can’t seem to walk or drive anywhere without at least one person in a hurry. With the right equipment you now can vacuum your house when you’re on the go and shop at your favorite mall or sporting goods store. The Roomba is â€Å"a 3-inch-tall U.F.O.-like disc about a foot across now in red or blue with black accents that scuttles across floors and carpets, both sucking up dust and, with a spinning brush, whisking away bigger chunks of detritus. When it runs into something, it smartly rotates forty-five degrees and marches off in a different direction† (Pogue). Now with a robot that is considered Artificial Intelligence cleaning your floors for you while you’re not at home or near it, if that’s not amazing then what is? The next big type of breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence is that it’s being used to entertain humans all over the world. The aggressive progress of technology makes nearly every game a new beginning. Artificial Intelligence is very dependent on concrete details of the game environment. AI techniques can be applied to a variety of tasks in modern computer games. A game using networks to predict the players next move in order to pre-compute graphics may be on a high Artificial Intelligence level. Although AI must not always be real, the desire of Artificial Intelligence in computer games is primarily related to guiding non-player characters to make the game more entertaining. Yet another breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence is in the Medical medical field. With a surging elderly population in many countries throughout the world Artificial Intelligence will rise to unprecedented levels. â€Å"These advocates see robots serving not just as helperscarrying out simple chores and reminding patients to take their medicationbut also as companions, even if the machines can carry on only a semblance of a real dialogue† (Glick). The new addition for the elderly to live longer, stay healthy and be mobile through the use of robotics. The ideal results will be a major savings in medical costs, reduced burdens on the family and caretakers. Yasuyuki Toki, a researcher at NEC System Technologies, thinks emotional attachments to robots must be studied carefully. The future of Artificial Intelligence is in the hands of this generation and how it will impact the world. The world will not be the same today as in the futurewill not be the same in the future as today due to the technology boom, the creation, and ability to give AI â€Å"legal and ethical status to our here-and-now legal institutions† (Sokis). It has been said many times that by the year 2050 that our way of living and how we provide meals for holidays will drastically change due to AI. With the advancements of Artificial Intelligence â€Å"We will be sitting down to eat a synthetic turkey, with a robot helping out to prepare the trimmings† Jane Wakefield of BBC News Online states (Wakefield). There will also be information systems that will have real-time instructions that will monitor the cooking to make sure that it will not burn up like your Aunt’s meals every family gathering. By Christmas day 2050, through Artificial Intelligence, the atmosphere of the h oliday by Christmas 2050 it will all be all about the presents and nothing about the religious beliefs that have founded that surround the day. holiday. Some predictions for the future Christmas Christmas’s is are talking Barbie dolls which are able to respond to their owners and construction sets where the children will be able to design and build anything they put their minds to imagine.. With a new technology boom on the way and needed more then ever, it gives AI a great chance to experiment and develop some very useful and practical ideas for the near future. With the ability of purchasing groceries, clothes, automobiles and even houses in the luxury of your own home while wearing only your underwear is simply amazing because of the internet. The purchasing power of the internet has closely become a routine for many people all over the world. â€Å"When demand increases in one place, its consequences can be felt efficiently, and immediately, elsewhere. Wal-Mart led the way with it’s long-ago deal with Proctor Gamble automating shelf replenishment, but now that is also routine† (Kirkpatrick). The development of a program to distinguish what products need re-ordering and what products are expiring is impressive. Technology is not always a positive according to some people. As Mr. Heberling, a teacher at the local Webster Thomas High School and the head of the Science Olympiad team, has stated, that there a few negatives possibilities of Artificial Intelligence. In the interview with Mr. Heberling, the answer to the question of:I asked him how he saw AI in the future for himself. He responded, â€Å" â€Å"How do you see AI in the future for yourself? The answer was â€Å"A bad thing, because humans could eventually have the ability to lose control of the robot, whether they reason or not.† Mr. Heberling is not the only person who sees the advancement of Artificial Intelligence a negative issue. Another question asked to Mr. Heberling was,: Whatwhat are some concerns that you see with the advancement of AI? The output was, â€Å"Robots possibly and able to make decisions without human intervention, especially if biological.† Some say in the future robots will take us over and there is no way of stopping them. The ever so rise of machines will one day over power the ordinary job tasks that a few individuals think that are annoying and tidies. Even though â€Å"the aliveness’ into everything we do, and let electronic systems take over the dead, dull stuff, Samson says. winning Winning strategy for the information age is to inject ‘Richard Samson, author of the forthcoming book called ‘The Human Edge’, is convinced we are teetering on the precipice of an employment revolution for only the second time in modern history† (Crozier). The electronics revolution is a threat to the brain power of the human race. Many individuals have already been replaced by a machine. Take automobile manufacturing for instance,. The auto makers now have robots that do these jobs; paint the cars, weld, build assemblies, Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) milling, assembly line functions and Armature winders. With all the jobs that humans once had getting thrown off to the side by the robot that will never stop unless broken, complain to the boss, take a break, and never walk away from the job. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contributes to the growth and positive reflection of Artificial Intelligence with the donation of more then $666,000.00 each year towards For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology (FIRST) to more than 111 teams and 5 events. The FIRST Robotics Competition is an exciting, multinational competition that teams professionals and young people to solve an engineering design problem in an intense and competitive way. The people at NASA also bring not only satellite broadcasts of the regional competitions and the nationals, but also the kickoff, which marks the start of a new season. NASA not only does the FIRST program but also the Botball program which gives students hands-on learning outside of the classroom to build and program a team of robots also project management skills that will prepare students for the workforce. NASA also has a Robotic Construction Crew that builds and constructs objects while computing with ot her robots. Many might ask what’s with all the talk about robots and Artificial Intelligence when we are not going to be taken over by an object that we have made? The answer is it that we have a chance to be taken over by robot might but, the realistic point as of today is that we will not be taken over by the creatures that we have developed happen and it might not happen; all we can do right now is wait and hope it doesn’t happen in the future. The future of AI looks bright and hopeful. While the breakthroughs are outstanding and don’t lack having the ability to do anything that we can put our minds to, AI is an endless supply of vast knowledge getting pout into a program to make our lives easier and better. Maybe in the future due to Artificial Intelligence we will be playing a sport on segways or a hovercraft type robot to score a point. The future could also lead to robots that will patrol our streets and keep the human police officers off the dangerous streets from be ing shot or dangerously injured. Possibly those same robots could be building our houses for us with out one single mistake or failure. It is not very hard notice once you walk through a well developed mall that you notice at least one video game store. The video game industry is a vast array of Artificial Intelligence that entertains people who enjoy sport games, first person shooters, role playing, and any other kind of video games. With all these people who enjoy video games, they will also enjoy all the different types of AI gifts for the holidays like a talking Barbie dolls which interact with their owners and construction sets that allow the user to build anything that will interact with the user. The medical purposes will let our mothers, grandmothers and pets live longer then they do. Artificial Intelligence will allow robots to keep an eye on our elderly and take care of them when needed. The effect of all this new technology to the world is mainly positive but also negativ e at the same time. Once we start replacing people at jobs with robots our unemployment rate will increase and will suffer a moderate depression even though the AI will also bring new jobs into the market. The only bad thing with the new jobs into the market is that the people who have lost the job will have to be re-educated and trained for the new jobs that interact with the robots that have taken over their job. Artificial Intelligence will be one of the top technological necessities in the near future because of all the breakthroughs, the increase on the job market, the inevitable technology boom, and all the contributions that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration bring to Artificial Intelligence. The world will be a better place and an excellent environment for future inventions, creatures, and even war now that Artificial Intelligence has an impact on how we will live and interact with the environment. As the technology boom declines we will be left with nothing t hat any person could have expected in return, a new outlook on life and how we see the world. Works Citied Crozier, Ry. â€Å"Rise of the Machines.† Electronic News.com. 14 Feb. 2005. Reed Business Information. 13 Feb. 2005 . Heberling, Charles. Personal interview. 11 Feb. 2005. Kirkpatrick, David. â€Å"The Real Boom.† 4 Dec. 2003. Fortune.com. 9 Feb. 2005 . Pogue, David. â€Å"The Robot Returns, Cleaning up.† 28 Aug. 2003. New York Times. 9 Jan. 2005 . â€Å"Robotic Construction Crew starts to work† robotslife.com 16 Jan. 2002 Robots Life. 9 Dec. 2004 â€Å"Robots seen as Companions for elderly.† AI Magazine Summer 2004, Vol. 25. Proquest. Webster Thomas High School, Thomas Library. 30 Nov. 2004 â€Å"SimCity used in AI experiment: new urban planning computers.† Computer Shopper Aug. 1992, Vol. 12. Pro Quest. Webster Thomas High School, Thomas Library. 30 Nov. 2004 Soskis, Benjamin. â€Å"Man and the Machines.† Legal Affairs. Jan/Feb. 2005. LegalAffairs.org. 3 Jan. 2005 . Wakefield, Jane. â€Å"Hi-Tech Ghosts of Christmas Future.† 25 Dec. 2002. BBC News. 12 Jan. 2005 . Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary  © 1996, 1998 MICRAWith Christmas 2050 coming soon, how could all those vegetarian people not like the turkey that is cooked by your robot companion and is made of 0% real turkey? Research Papers on Artificial intelligenceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalTwilight of the UAW

4 Major League Baseball Tips for Hiring Managers

4 Major League Baseball Tips for Hiring Managers As a rabid Mets fan, the only advice I really want to give hiring managers is to  suspend the guy who slide-tackles your favorite second baseman (I have some other choice word for base umpires). Fortunately, over at ERE Media, Herb Greenberg has some more level-headed advice for hiring managers. Now that the playoffs are officially in progress, we can look back at the decisions made by managers of  the most successful teams and see what tactics can translate to less-stadium-based workplaces.  Conventional wisdom in baseball is to look for strength, agility, batting average, etc- and in the workplace, we tend to prioritize advanced degrees and certifications, an impressive track record at big name companies, technical knowledge, and professional networks in place to embellish our business. But what if you looked for qualities instead of quantities?1. Mental ToughnessLook for resilience, level-headedness, and a tolerance for stress. An interview question that tends to highlight t his strength is the classic, â€Å"Tell me about a time you struggled at work† or, â€Å"Tell me about a problematic work experience you found difficult to handle.† Listen for signs of self-awareness, persistence, and collaborative conflict resolution.2. Assertive and Positively AggressiveLook for candidates who are comfortable taking ownership over their projects and are willing to compete, either with rival companies or in pursuit of excellence during group problem solving. This is something a candidate themselves might tell you about frankly- but it’s also something to delicately broach with their previous supervisor.There’s a not-all-that-thick line between assertive and bullying. One you want on your team, the other just got suspended for the final two games of the Mets-Dodgers series.3. Disciplined and Detail-OrientedEmployees- and ballplayers- who show up early, stay for the whole practice, and focus on achieving their goals and correcting their fl aws are the ones you want to work with. When you ask them to tell you about a project they were excited to work on in their last job, these are the candidates who  will be able to explicitly describe their work for you and the ones that past colleagues wish they still had on their team.4. Strong Problem Solvers and Decision-MakersThe employees you want working with you are able to recognize patterns, learn on the job, acquire new skills, and balance their ambition with caution to achieve innovation and a high level of quality in their work. You want the people their colleagues describe as decisive, thorough, and capable of wrapping their minds around even the thorniest of problems.As we turn our eyes back to the playoffs, we’ll have a chance to see how the unconventional wisdom of Mets manager Terry Collins and his staff has paid off- a combo of younger guys and older guys, recovering from injuries and champing at the pennant race bit for the first time.During your next hir ing process, remember what magic can happen when you take a chance on a diamond in the rough like Bartolo Colon or a Wilmer Flores. They may surprise you with their talent, grit, and heart.  Here’s What Your Hiring Managers Can Learn from the Major League Baseball PlayoffsRead More at www.eremedia.com

Can Massage Therapy Help the Brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can Massage Therapy Help the Brain - Essay Example Manual muscle therapies are effective if they are undertaken by following a recommendation from a doctor (Hopson 2003). Spinal cord and brain function can undergo a profound positive change with CranioSacral Therapy. Since 1975, the therapy is successfully used in treating ADD (attention deficit disorder) and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The structural restrictions in membrane layers and bones around the spinal cord and brain inhibit the normal flow of vital nutrients and fluids into and out of brain that assist proper function of the manner. The gentle application of CranioSacral Therapy release the restriction in these organs and enhance the natural function of brain which decreases the levels of ADHD and ADD and alleviate the disorders completely. The manual, light touch CranioSacral therapy offers solutions to the restrictions in craniosacral system. The craniosacral system comprises of fluids and membranes that protect and surround the spinal cord and brain. This is an important physiological system that stretches from the face, mouth, bones of the skull and forms the cranium sacrum and the tailbone area. The CranioSacral therapy is highly effective improving the flow of fluid within the spinal cord, brain and the whole body and relieves any adverse strain and restrictions. The stronger fluid movement enables brain cells to receive the required amount of essential nutrients to function effectively and synchronize with other cells. The proper fluid flow forms a environment in brain where toxic irritants and waste products are flushed out constantly. When the stress cause by the compromised fluid flow is alleviated the regions of the brain that was underactive or overactive will return to normalcy. The outcome of under massage therapy is a central nervous system with greater mobility and balance and a

The Making of The Modern World Economy Coursework

The Making of The Modern World Economy - Coursework Example Commerce was revived with the expansion of specialization between its countryside’s and towns. Commerce and trade sprung in most parts of Western Europe especially in Venice and the Northern cities. During the time of exploration, the navigators discovered new paths to explore Asia and America. Commerce grew in these nations due to the establishment of financial companies and the merging of companies (Pomeranz, 2011). There was also the difference in coal availability between China and Europe. China had plenty of coal deposits which made it a huge potential to the West. During the industrial period, coke and coal were frequently used in the transportation. Coal was used to fire steam engines which turned out to be both cheaper and efficient in terms of use, as compared to charcoal. Even though China had used coal during the Ming and Song period, China later abandoned its use due to the Chinese industry shifting to the South. The shift caused the deposits to be far away due to the destructions of Jurchen and Mongol. The technological advancements made Europe to succeed in agriculture, trading, fuel and other resources (Pomeranz, 2011). Labor migration from the Chinese led to improved Agricultural systems in Europe. Most of the European land was idle and underdevelopment as compared with the Asian counterparts. Instead of Europe engaging in the expensive improvement of soil fertility, it embarked on the labor productivity. However due to the increased migration of people to the European nations, it caused food shortages. The problem was easily counteracted through the importation of fertilizers and appetite suppressants foods from America (Pomeranz, 2011). Europe’s success can also be contributed by aggressive persuasion of the imperialist and the mercantilist policies through which Europe used the military and protective methods to safeguard its industrialists based in China. The rise of Europe can

Workplace Bullying and Victimisation on Productivity Impact

Workplace Bullying and Victimisation on Productivity Impact TASK 1: BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND HOW TO FORMULATE A RESEARCH SPECIFICATION Evaluating how workplace bullying and victimisation can affect productivity. Introduction Any effective and successful business understands the importance of productivity in the workplace. Being productive can help the firm increase and utilize the capacity of the human resources it has. Most productive companies have happy and healthy employees, which are the basis of a successful organization. Customer Benefit Productivity in the workplace will often translate into good customer service and interaction. This total client experience is the key to satisfying customers and clients, and almost all highly productive companies use this to gain customer loyalty. When a customer is loyal to your business, they will share their experience with others, which is a marketing advantage coming out of high levels of productivity. The Company The employees themselves are an investment, and like any investment, they should yield a healthy or worthwhile return to the company. Therefore, when employees are highly productive the company achieves its goals of investing in them in the first place. Productivity also helps to motivate the workplace culture and boost morale, producing an even better company environment. The Work Force More often than not, when a firm is highly productive, it eventually becomes successful, and because of this, incentives are bound to be made available to the employees. These include pay raises, bonuses, medical insurance and so on. This will also motivate employees and gives them more job opportunities as the company grows. Productivity in the workplace is an important aspect of every company and when top management understands this concept, success is just around the corner. However, if your company doesnt give you the incentive to increase productivity, you may want to start looking for another job because the lifeblood of your company is running out. I have chosen this research proposal because I have heard of cases of bullying at work and it also happened to me in one of my previous roles. I believe its a topic that can be viewed from different perspectives and I have tried to tackle it as best as I could. In order for me to understand this research I will be using different methods of evidence of primary research conducted by using the questionnaire methodology and including secondary data that will be derived from literature and other sources related to bullying and victimisation. This research will be conducted in the Private sector specifically in the IT field. Literature review Various literatures support the belief that bullying falls into one of four forms of behaviour: verbal, non-verbal, physical and subtle. Townend (2008) examined each of these to identify how they are reflected in practice. In relation to verbal behaviours, the author reported that bullying would often occur through the aggressor/bully making unpleasant, sarcastic comments, with the intention of humiliating the individual.The strongest verbal bullying behaviour refers to the deliberate andrepetitive exclusion of an individual from conversation; for example, asking all members in a team meeting for a contribution, except for the targeted individual. Non-verbal bullying behaviours were reported to be initiated through factors such as the avoidance of eye contact. Technological advancements have significantly impacted upon non-verbal bullying, with the potential to use emails, text messages and social networking websites as a means of distributing abusive messages, and further excluding individuals. Physical bullying is fairly obvious, with the behaviour often involving physical violence, such as striking the victim, or d amaging their property. Regarding subtle bullying behaviours, Samnani (2013) defined these behaviours as negative acts which are not immediately obvious, but undermine the individual. This is often the most popular choice of bullying behaviour, with actions being open to interpretation, making it difficult to detect from a neutral perspective. Subtle bullying behaviours include actions such as withholding important information, persistent criticism, excessive supervision, being assigned menial tasks, excessive workloads, gossiping and insults (Samnani, 2013); actions which through not being immediately obvious, may not always be perceived by victims as bullying. In defining workplace bullying, Einarsen et al (2011: 22) put forward the definition that bullying at work revolves around harassing, offending, socially excluding someone or negatively affecting someones work. In order for the label of bullying to be applied to a particular activity, interaction or process it has to occur repeatedly and regularly over a period of time. Bullying is an escalated process in the course of which the person confronted ends up in an inferior position and becomes the target of systematic negative social acts. Elaborating upon this, it is important to differentiate workplace bullying from workplace violence. The former is primarily psychological and persistent, whilst the latter is primarily physical and irregular (Cooper-Thomas et al, 2013). Your literature review has to incorporate both literature of the importance of productivity in a work setting and the effects of bullying and victimisation. Purpose of the research This aim of this research is to examine workplace bullying from a theoretical perspective; providing an insight into the prevalence of workplace bullying and how it might affect staff and productivity and the implications and suggest effective ways organisations could use to tackle this phenomenon. The objectives that will be used to achieve that are as follow; To assesses gender differences and ethnicity in a given work place To identify perceptions of work bullying and victimisation To analyse implications of work bullying and victimisation To determine the response of organisations in cases of bullying. Rationale of the research: In determining the extent to which workplace bullying can detrimentally impact an organisation, appropriate response is required. It is reported in the United Kingdom, that approximately only 80% of organisations have anti-bullying policies in place (Harrington et al, 2013); thus, suggesting there is still a sizeable population allowing the issue to go uncompromised. This is not the case for all organisations, with data suggesting workplace bullying costs upwards of  £2 million a year, and 18 million in lost working days, organisations understand the need for action (CIPD, 2006). Bullying is typically a problem faced by Human Resource departments (HRM), and thus it is their role to be at the forefront, introducing eradicative methods. Khan and Khan (2012) proposed four key strategies that HR departments can implement in attempting to manage workplace bullying; education and training, corporate responsibility, possession of the right machinery and support. The collaboration of these four items, form an organisations anti-bullying policy. Scope and limitations I believe my research project is suitable for all employees and employers out there who deal with such situations where work bullying and victimization may occur. By reviewing some of the literature available online and the questionnaire I have put together to see some real views from individuals who have experienced bullying a work, I hope to raise more awareness of this phenomenon prevalence. I expect this research to take up to 1 month in order to get the best of the resources that need to be analyzed and acknowledged for optimal results. As a disadvantage, I would mention that if I would have more time to look into more cases of bullying I may get more results that would add help in enhancing my research. Ethical implications The implications and ethical issues involved in my research affects safety, engagement, productivity, trust, and the workplace culture. It poses the question to leaders, just how important is a healthy work culture to business and long-term success. Research methodology The method of primary research utilised a questionnaire methodology. However, emphasis was placed on asking open-ended questions, so to attain qualitative data. This focus was assigned, as I sought to obtain in-depth responses, outlining individual exposure to bullying. The sources used for this research project include: questionnaires, books and internet pages. ADD QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE INFO. (DATA USED) ADD WEBSITE USED Evidence research proposal Word count: 800/1000 words TASK 1 part 2: Provide an appropriate plan and procedures for the agreed research specification (AC1.5); Provide an appropriate plan and procedures for the agreed research specification Here, you need to set an action plan using the key objectives(see above) and your research methodology (e.g design questionnaire, do a survey, gather secondary information, arrange interview etc) of your research question of hypothesis. Research objective By when Resources to be used (2.1) Milestones (when do you know this objective is achieved) Review dates (which is after the by when to ensure that you have actually achieve the objective ) How will you monitor this objective is being achieved? method of monitoring To assesses gender differences and ethnicity in a given work place 25/12/2016 Books, internet information 25/01/2017 03/02/2017 To ensure that I have met my target To identify perceptions of work bullying and victimisation 25/12/2016 Books, internet information 25/01/2017 03/02/2017 To ensure that I have met my target To analyse implications of work bullying and victimisation 25/12/2016 Books, internet information 25/01/2017 03/02/2017 To ensure that I have met my target To determine the response of organisations in cases of bullying. 25/12/2016 Books, internet information 25/01/2017 03/02/2017 To ensure that I have met my target TASK 2: BE ABLE TO IMPLEMENT THE RESEARCH PROJECT WITHIN AGREED PROCEDURES AND TO SPECIFICATION 2.2 Undertake the proposed research investigation in accordance with the agreed specification and procedures. Primary data collection The primary research revolved around the adoption of a questionnaire methodology. The purpose behind this research was to provide and source first-hand accounts from individuals that have been exposed to incidents of workplace bullying. Questions were formed with consideration being allocated to the items highlighted in the literature review. These included questions referencing how the respondent was bullied, by whom, whether it impacted upon their intention to leave the organisation, the short-term and long-term implications, and how the individual structured their response. Qualitative data was selected and in turn open ended questions posed, providing contexts, like one-to-one interviewing, that allow a participant to express their beliefs, assumptions, desires and understandings (Horn, 2012, p103). The questionnaire was created using the Likert scale. This method was used instead of alternative methods, such as face-to-face interviews, as according to Dayan et al (2009) when responding to sensitive questions, methodologies that reduce the level of question administration by human interviewers, such as online questionnaires, increase responses to sensitive personal questions and yield more honest, candid answers. This belief is formalised as researchers suggest that without the presence of an interviewer, online questionnaires are able to attain higher levels of personal disclosure and reductions in responses being affected by social desirability. Online questionnaires also allow respondents to remain anonymous. This is critical in two ways; firstly people are more willing to theoretically open up and disclose information if they feel free from further repercussions, and secondly, anonymity has been proven to reduce social anxiety and social durability when divulging information . For this methodology, the author elected to adopt a self-selective sample. This was selected as the author wanted to obtain responses from individuals that met the specific criteria of having experienced exposure to bullying first-hand, but in doing so placed no pressure on individuals to participate and divulge information. Although this is not high, emphasis was placed on quality rather than quantity. Please be more specific as to what you intend to prove Advantages and disadvantages of the methodology used Although this research question addresses an important topic of discussion in literature, there are a number of limitations and benefits that can be associated towards the chosen methodology. As mentioned the method used is questionnaires, with open ended questions. In evaluating these, the methodologies will be discussed separately. Regarding the questionnaire, it can be recognised that this methodology is faced with the limitation of only having obtained a very small sample size in the form of n=4. The problem this inflicts in respect to the relevance of the data is that through the attainment of such a small sample, it raises questions regarding the generalisability of the results. Although the author hoped that this would not be the case, through the research conducted having very specific and sensitive criteria, in the form of having been bullied and willing to disclose their account, the author acknowledged that the potentiality of an undergraduate finding and sourcing willing respondents would be slim. As such, in an attempt to counter this and make the most of the sample size obtained, the author sought to compensate the limitation through ensuring the responses were in-depth. The intention was to ask a magnitude of questions, which would result in the attainment of individual detailed accounts, addressin g the various elements highlighted and discussed in the literature review. However, the rich data yielded by this small sample group offered important insights into the effects of bullying in the immediate and longer term, that now warrant further investigation through wider sampling. The benefits attached to this methodology, refer to the provision of sensitive and personal data. Dayan et al (2009) stated that online questionnaires have the strength of obtaining honest answers, as through the removal of question administration by human interviewers, participants are made to feel more comfortable in the relative anonymous environment of the internet. This in turn yields greater detailed and candid answers as participants feel comfortable and free from judgement; although the danger associated with online participation runs the risk of whether the information disclosed is indeed factual, or ultimately a positive contribution towards the discussion. Secondary data used- sources from online website Advantage and disadvantages of the methodology used 2.3 Record and collate relevant data where appropriate. DEFINE ANOVA AND EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF USING IT. ANOVA One-way completely randomized       Workplace bullying Male Male Female Female 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 5 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 4 7 1 1 1 1 8 2 2 2 2 9 1 1 1 1 10 2 2 2 2 n 10 10 10 10 X 2.300 2.300 2.200 2.300 s 1.252 1.252 1.317 1.337 Xave 2.275 source df SS MS F P-value treatments 3 0.075 0.025 0.0150 0.9974 error 36 59.900 1.664 total 39 59.975 INTERPRET THE DATA AND WHAT YOU THINK OF THE DATA ANALYSIS MEHTOD USED-ANOVA! 2.Advantages and disadvantages you found for the data analysis methods? Points to be considered forData analysis and interpretation (you can use at least 2 for advantage and 2 for disadvantage); qualitative and quantitative data analysis interpreting transcripts; coding techniques; specialist software; statistical tables; comparison of variable; trends; forecasting. Evidence: record and completed evidence of data collected Although this research question addresses an important topic of discussion in literature, there are a number of limitations and benefits that can be associated towards the chosen methodology. As mentioned the method used is questionnaire, including open ended questions. In evaluating these, the methodologies will be discussed separately. In reference to the questionnaire, it can be recognised that this methodology is faced with the limitation of only having obtained a very small sample size in the form of n=4. The problem this inflicts in respect to the relevance of the data is that through the attainment of such a small sample, it raises questions regarding the generalizability of the results. Although I hoped that this would not be the case, through the research conducted having very specific and sensitive criteria, in the form of having been bullied and willing to disclose their account, I acknowledged that the potentiality of an undergraduate finding and sourcing willing respondents would be slim. The intention was to ask a magnitude of questions, which would result in the attainment of individual detailed accounts, addressing the various elements highlighted and discussed in the literature review. However, the rich data yielded by this small sample group offered important insights into the effects of bullying in the immediate and longer term, that now warrant further investigation through wider sampling. The benefits attached to this methodology, refer to the provision of sensitive and personal data. Dayan et al (2009) stated that online questionnaires have the strength of obtaining honest answers, as through the removal of question administration by human interviewers, participants are made to feel more comfortable in the relative anonymous environment of the internet. This in turn yields greater detailed and candid answers as participants feel comfortable and free from judgement; although the danger associated with online participation runs the risk of whether the information disclosed is indeed factual, or ultimately a positive contribution towards the discussion. D3 Justify the choice of data collection methods used for 2.3. Why did you use the collection methods that you chose? Evidence: report. TASK 3: Be able to evaluate the research outcomes 3.1 Use appropriate research evaluation techniques. How was the project planning? Explain how you met your aims and objectives from the proposal by stating each objective and explain on how you met this (please link to useful research). What were your research methods effective? How valid and reliable were you findings? e.g. successes and failure What are the benefits of your research results? linked to the usefulness of the research. What were the difficulties you encountered? e.g. people not willing to talk, time consuming, working on excel , not enough literature review, not experienced with regards to research. Discuss about methods of data analysis used and why? Please add conclusion. Evidence: a report on how you used the research evaluation techniques. Please demonstrate the use of the techniques with the aid of statistical or any other relevant tools. Please make sure that you are linking the above to your research. The purpose of this research has been to examine the prevalence of workplace bullying, whilst addressing the experiences of how people responded to their personal experiences of workplace bullying. 1. Prevalence Considering the data obtained in evidence the questionnaire, it can be identified that of the population surveyed were classified as exhibiting bullying behaviour; owing to their responses, whilst some were classified as exhibiting victim behaviour. Referring back to literature findings regarding prevalence rates, similarities can be recognised with the study conducted by Einarsen et al (2011), where empirical evidence suggested that around 5-10% of the European population had at some point been a victim of workplace bullying. Although, the actual rates differ to an extent, they do not drastically juxtapose; supporting the overwhelming theme that workplace bullying remains a continuous and prominent issue in organisational culture. This is further supported through the basic comprehension of the questionnaire, with the four participants each accounting for how the bullying they had experienced had taken place, and the factors that facilitated its continuation. In seeking to generalis e these findings however, difficulties would be faced as no unilaterally agreed prevalence rates could be established. The only conclusion that could be formalised was that the issue remained a threat to both individuals and organisations. 2. Prosocial Recognition regarding the prominence of these behaviours brought into focus the hypotheses, particularly hypothesis one; that a negative relationship existed between the variables of prosocial behaviour and bullying behaviour. In relation to the response obtained from the questionnaire and the subsequent ANOVA analysis, it could be identified that this hypothesis was proven, with the relational significance being obtained. Comprehension of this analysis, in reference to the research question, would seem to suggest that the adoption and implementation of prosocial behaviour directly correlates with a reduction in bullying behaviour. Based upon this finding, it can be suggested that the creation of a culture that promotes prosocial behaviour would be an intellectual move, and one that would be likely to obtain success in diminishing the incidence and effects of workplace bullying. Relating these findings to the literature review, it can be met with support, with Griese (2013) speaking of it as possessing the potential to be utilised as a resilience tactic. By this, the author suggested that prosocial behaviour would reduce incidence of bullying, as the aim is to assist others and to attain social needs; something that would be severely hampered by acts of bullying. In respect to what has been identified thus far, the statistical evidence would seem to support the suggestion, as it shows firstly that bullying remains a predominant issue, and secondly the importance prosocial behaviours can play in eliminating workplace bullying. In applying these findings to the questionnaire, it can be acknowledged that the evidence gathered from the qualitative data supports the creation of a prosocial culture. The interviews conducted with participants via questionnaires, for example, highlighted that in many cases, failure to create prosocial behaviours and positive leadership from management was instrumental in allowing bullying to occur, and in some cases actually led to it being instigated by those in management. This in turn had an effect upon other people within the organisation, with bullying escalating from one-on-one to the creation of a climate of bullying where people felt compromised in their position. The perceived vulnerability that this inflicted upon workers, and in particular victims, reduced their ability to report their experience, as the appearance of bullying as an organisational wide issue resulted in the feeling that their claims would not be listened to; suggesting either nothing would change, or t he risk that the issue would potentially even intensify. This has important implications for both the organisation and management, with the recognisableneed for training to be put into place, setting behavioural boundaries and guidelines that promote the implementation of prosocial behaviour as a form of organisational strategy. The adoption of such training would have to extend itself towards raising awareness amongst workers, regarding the mechanisms available to them to report any grievances. This would be an integral component of the training programme, as in both the literature review and qualitative questionnaire, the findings outline a common perception held by victims, that there is either a sense of non-existent, or limited knowledge of the mechanisms available. Referring to the implications identified, in particular the need for training programmes to promote prosocial behaviour and counter the wider spectrum of workplace bullying, Branch et al (2012) expanded upon existing literature to provide support. The authors (2012) claimed organizational training designed to educate employees about bullying behaviours, the nature of its influence and equipping them with skills to address incidence of bullying, had been found to incur long-term, positive benefits, with improvements in attitudes, knowledge and behaviour. In particular, emphasis would be placed on equality training amongst management. This is important as reflection of the qualitative data highlighted that participant one had been victimised whilst on pregnancy leave, with a job offer being sent by management as a subtle technique of pushing her towards the exit. Equality of opportunity would not do this, but it does depict the necessity for organisations as a whole to create a culture, whereby managers are not capable of displaying such negative acts. What the collaboration of the data shows is that whilst it does occur, it is important the organisation itself implements training for managers, to create a line to be answered by management/organisation. The creation and implementation of the prosocial culture will helporganisations raise awareness and possess knowledge regarding how workplace bullying takes place, so that it can be identified efficiently and appropriately handled if an incident were to occur. Further support for the creation of a prosocial culture originates from the qualitative data. Participants claimed during their negative experiences, other employees had approached them and shared that they had noticed what was going on, but did nothing about it out of fear of being personally targeted. This outlines the importance for the creation of a prosocial culture, as the concept of looking out for the well-being of others and promoting positive behaviour would enable employees to acknowledge the sense of duty to report any acts which pose a threat to the elected culture. 3. Reporting and Long-term effects Examination of the qualitative data identified that none of the four participants reported their experience, citing that neither felt comfortable doing so. The participants highlighted the cause for this as being a lack

English Language Teaching in Gulf Essay

Zafar Syed’s assertions about the TESOL challenges in Gulf are subjective reflection over the issue and he is unable to provide any verified or verifiable data and findings. He places all responsibility on the structural constraints i. e. contextual framework, human resource development, system and standards, and research and knowledge and paid less heed to other relevant and important dimension f the TESOL i. e. the constraints on the art of the students. He relies too much on the secondary sources but those secondary sources are also related to education and teaching general and has taken into consideration English language teaching particularly. To some extent citation of these secondary resources is relevant e. g. citation of Mograby to provides facts and figures about the unprecedented quantitative growth in education in UAE . (338) He then generalizes that this unprecedented growth has adverse effect on the teaching of Language. He describes that this unchecked growth impacted the planning and implementation of English teaching patterns and policies. (338) In the following paragraph, he is unable to support he preposition by any solid line of arguments, research study or verifiable facts and figures. He is unable to demonstrate that how this rapid growth in education industry has affected the teaching of language. It is more important to provide a socio-cultural context as well that deter or propel the teaching and learning of a language. He describes that â€Å"local students see no concrete link between English ability and communicative requirements†. Mr. Syed is correct in saying this as communicative important of any language in general and English language in particular is related to exposure of the students to other medium of communications. If the socio-cultural context is conservative and does not allow a student to participate in activities involving other communities and people, he will be unable to use his acquired language capacity and thus will consider it meaning less and futile. This will restrict English language teaching to academic activity only. But Mr. Syed does not provide why such perception is created and this issue can be tackled. The next constraint that Mr. Syed takes into account is human resource development. This part of the study is most powerful and relevant as Mr. syed evaluates the role of English language faculty development and describes an array of issues related to it. He rightly point out the important of the local Arab English language teachers. The pool of English language teachers in the whole region are comprised of various expatriates groups that do not possess enough knowledge â€Å"about the local socio-cultural communities and languages† (339). Syed accurately concludes hat this lack of knowledge about local socio-cultural context breed problems like teacher-students gap and this gap endangers effect English Language teaching. Foreign teachers are not well-capacitated to anticipate and delve deep into the socio-problems of the learners and hence can suggest remedies to these. Grammar Translation Method also requires an understanding of the local language and context in order to effectively implement this methodology. (Chastain, 1971. p. 131) Mr. Syed concludes that this ad-hocism in the hiring of contractual foreign faculty hinders the way to implement a more effective and locally suitable system as these temporary teachers are less motivated to make an in-depth evaluation of the system. Here r. Syed has recognized the sole cause of the problem that triggers a cause and effect phenomenon leading to the deterioration of the English Language teaching system in Gulf. Only a motivated and well-informed teachers can recognize the contextual important and shortcomings of language teaching and hence can formulate policies to reduce or eradicate these contextual barriers. Mr Syed has further taken in to consideration the systems and standards but he is unable to realize that only senior and seasoned English language teachers and professors can help designing and executing a viable system and standard for English language teaching. It is not something independent in itself. He emphasizes on the importance of research but it must be noted that research only come through established systems and qualified academia. So first there is dire need to develop faculty and establish a contextually modified system of instructions. This will ultimately lead the faculty to conduct research on appropriate issues pertaining to every facets of English language teaching. Despite various defects in his theoretical framework, he provides some excellent insights into Gulf English language teaching. In addition to his content, he had certain serious flaws in the style of his expression. He only comments on a specific issue briefly and then goes on to comment on another challenges faced by the English Language Teaching without elaborating the first one. The very first sentence of the study indicates that it has nothing to do with primary research as conducting interview of the ESL teachers to locate the challenges faced by them. Further, Syed has limited his study to UAE with a little reference to Saudi Arabia here and there. So this not only limits the scope of the study but indicates that relying on a particular country in the region, generalizations have been made about the whole region. Chastain, Kenneth. The Development of Modern Language Skills: Theory to Practice. Philadelphia: Center for Curriculum Development, 1971.